Health Information

Rx Square Pharmacy would like to be your partner in health care. Feel free to ask your questions and share your concerns with us. We will work with you to develop a wellness program for the care and treatment you need.

We welcome you to our pharmacy and look forward to caring for you.

Rx Square Pharmacy provides a full range of pharmaceutical services including the following:

24-Hour Blood Pressure Monitor

An ambulatory blood pressure monitor is a small device worn on a belt, with a blood pressure cuff wrapped around the arm under the clothes for a 24-hour period in order to regularly check blood pressure levels.

Reasons for a 24-Hour Blood Pressure Monitor

Patients who have uncontrollable high blood pressure may be required to use the monitor. Patients may be asked to wear the monitor if they are: ...

Acetaminophen

Acetaminophen is used to relieve mild to moderate pain from headaches, muscle aches, menstrual periods, colds and sore throats, toothaches, backaches, and reactions to vaccinations (shots), and to reduce fever. Acetaminophen may also be used to relieve the pain of osteoarthritis (arthritis caused by the breakdown of the lining of the joints). Acetaminophen is in a class of medications called analgesics (pain relievers) and antipyretics (fever reducers). It works by changing the way the body senses pain and by cooling the body. ...

Acne FAQs

Acne is a common condition that causes blocked pores, pimples, cysts and other lesions on the skin of the face, neck, chest, back, shoulders and upper arms. There are several effective treatment methods available to help improve the appearance of the skin and prevent future acne breakouts.

Do only teenagers get acne?

Although teenagers often get acne, it can affect adults of any age. ...

Back Pain Prevention

At some point in their lives, the great majority of adults will suffer from significant low back pain, usually from an injury at work, at home or at play. Orthopedists, chiropractors, physical therapists, coaches and trainers all have helpful advice regarding back pain prevention. By following their directives, people can minimize the possibility of back injury, and keep themselves healthier in the process. ...

Acne FAQs

Do only teenagers get acne?

Although teenagers often get acne, it can affect adults of any age. ...

ADHD in Children

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a chronic condition that affects children, with symptoms often continuing into adulthood. Common symptoms of ADHD include inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and impulsive behavior. ADHD affects the behavior of children both at home and in school. According to the Federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, approximately eleven percent of children in the United States are diagnosed with ADHD. Boys are more commonly diagnosed with this condition than girls. Children with ADHD often struggle in school, have poor self-esteem and may be at an increased risk for drug and alcohol abuse as they get older. With treatment, however, most people with ADHD can lead successful and productive lives. ...

Age Spots

Age spots, also known as brown spots, liver spots and solar lentigines, are a common sign of aging. Flat, oval areas of pigmentation, age spots tend to appear on parts of the body, such as the face, hands, arms, shoulders and feet, that are exposed to the sun. Most common in people older than 40, they can be freckle-sized or more than a half-inch in length, and range in color from light brown to black. When age spots are grouped together, they appear even larger. ...

Abdominal Pain

Abdominal pain is a common problem affecting adults and children. Abdominal pain may be acute or chronic, and can have many possible causes, including:

Constipation
Diarrhea
Strep throat
Gas
Appendicitis
Bladder infection
Liver problem
Pancreas problem
Heartburn
Intestinal obstruction
Food allergy or poisoning

Some of these conditions are more serious than others, but patients should seek medical attention for abdominal pain that is severe or persistent. ...

Acne

Acne is a common condition that causes blocked pores, pimples, cysts and other lesions on the skin of the face, neck, chest, back, shoulders and upper arms. Although teenagers are often affected, adults of any age can suffer from acne. Acne is not life-threatening, but can lead to physical disfigurement and emotional distress. There are several effective treatment methods that improve the skin's appearance and prevent future breakouts. ...

Acne Myths

Acne is a common condition that causes blocked pores, pimples, cysts and other lesions on the skin of the face, neck, chest, back, shoulders and upper arms. While teenagers are often affected, adults of any age can suffer from acne. Acne is not life-threatening, but can lead to scarring of the skin and and emotional distress. ...

Adult ADHD

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, commonly known as ADHD, is chronic disorder that includes symptoms of inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and impulsive behavior. ADHD is commonly diagnosed in young children, however, many people continue to suffer from this condition as adults. Adult ADHD is typically more subtle and harder to diagnose, but affects many adults that were diagnosed as children. Most adults with ADHD had ADHD as children, even if it was never diagnosed. Some people with ADHD have fewer symptoms as they get older, while others continue to have significant symptoms as adults. ...

Antioxidants for Skincare

Antioxidants are natural substances that have significant health benefits, preventing or delaying certain types of cell damage throughout the body. Including antioxidants in the diet can help keep a person healthy, and protect against damaging free radicals; including antioxidants in skin products can increase the skin's collagen production, smooth wrinkles and fade age spots. ...

Ear, Nose and Throat Allergies

Ear, nose and throat (ENT) allergies, like other types of allergies, are extremely common. Allergic reactions of all kinds are triggered by an abnormal response of the immune system when it mistakes an innocuous substance for a serious threat. While most allergic symptoms of this type are relatively mild, untreated ear, nose and throat allergies should not be ignored because they may lead to more significant medical problems. ...

Eczema

Eczema is a common skin disorder that manifests itself as itchy skin and a red rash; it is particularly common in infants and young children. Eczema most often develops as a result of an allergic reaction, or an immune-system malfunction. It can cause irritation and inflammation anywhere on the body, but is especially prevalent on the face, the insides of the arms, and behind the knees. In infants with eczema, the scalp is frequently affected. ...

Ichthyosis Vulgaris

Ichthyosis vulgaris, commonly known as ichthyosis, is a hereditary skin condition in which dead skin cells accumulate to form thick, dry scales on the surface of the skin. Sometimes known as fish scale disease, ichthyosis may be visible at birth, but more commonly develops in early childhood. Sometimes associated with other allergic skin problems, such as eczema, ichthyosis is treated symptomatically since no cure for the condition has yet been found. While this disease can be unsightly and somewhat uncomfortable, it is not serious and causes no other known health complications. In most cases, the condition resolves in adulthood, though it may occasionally recur. ...

Pediatric Allergies

Children suffer with allergies in many of the same ways adults do, although since they are often less verbal, particularly when they are very young, they may not be able to describe their symptoms as accurately. Children may simply present as fussy, irritable or angry when suffering pain or discomfort they can't describe. Parents and other caregivers should be aware that children suffering from ear, nose and throat allergies are much more likely than adults to develop ear infections because of anatomical differences in the structure of their ears. ...

Allergic Conjunctivitis

Allergic conjunctivitis is a common eye condition that affects millions of Americans, causing eye irritation and chronic discomfort. The condition is triggered by airborne allergens, such as pollen, mold, dust or pet dander. In patients with allergies, contact with such airborne substances results in inflammation of the conjunctiva, the clear layer of tissue lining the eyelids and covering the white of the eye. While extremely uncomfortable, allergic conjunctivitis does result in any serious visual impairment. ...

Food Allergies

A food allergy is present when the immune system has an abnormal reaction to proteins in a particular food. Food-allergy symptoms, which can be triggered by ingesting even minute amounts of the food, usually happen within minutes but may, occasionally, happen a few hours later. Food allergies can begin in childhood or in adulthood, with some people suddenly having allergic responses to foods that have never caused problems. In other cases, allergies appear after a food is consumed for the first time. Certain food allergies that affect young children may eventually go away. ...

Hay Fever

Hay fever, also known as allergic rhinitis, is an allergic reaction to environmental triggers that can cause cold-like symptoms. Symptoms often include a runny nose, itchy eyes, congestion, sneezing and sinus pressure. Allergens such as pollen, dust mites or pet dander may all contribute to an episode of hay fever. Hay fever is a common condition that can occur at any age, but is most likely to develop during childhood or early adulthood. ...

Hives

Hives, also called urticaria, is a common skin condition in which swollen, pale red bumps, also known as welts or wheals, suddenly break out on the skin. Hives cause itching, stinging or burning and may appear anywhere on the body. Hives are most often an allergic reaction, but sometimes the allergen precipitating the adverse reaction is unknown. Hives is never a contagious condition. ...

Medication Allergy

A medication allergy is a condition that causes a person to experience an adverse reaction after taking a particular medicine. It is caused by the abnormal reaction of the immune system to a medication. Medication allergies are fairly common and they can be elicited by many types of medication, both prescription and over-the-counter. The most common symptoms of an allergic reaction to medication are hives, rash or fever. However, people may experience a wide range of symptoms that can range from mild to serious, including anaphylaxis, which can be life-threatening. ...

Poison Ivy

Poison ivy is a common plant known to cause allergic reactions in a large percentage of people. These allergic reactions usually manifest as unsightly and uncomfortable rashes on the skin. Skin rashes from poison ivy, like those from poison oak and poison sumac, are precipitated by an oily substance called urushiol found in the leaves, stems and roots of the plant. Poison ivy is found growing all over the continental United States, so rashes from poison ivy are very common. ...

Rashes

Rashes are changes in the skin's color or texture. Simple rashes are called dermatitis, which means the skin is inflamed or swollen. Some rashes are independent symptoms, but many cause itching, burning or other discomfort. There are a great many reasons for individuals to develop rashes.

Types of Rashes

Rashes occur for a variety of reasons, some relatively benign, some extremely serious. Many rashes look similar to one another so their causes may be difficult to diagnose. ...

Asthma in Children

Asthma is one of the most common recurring childhood conditions and involves a temporary narrowing of the airways as a reaction to certain stimuli such as airborne pollen, a respiratory infection or cold weather. These narrowed airways result in difficulty breathing and wheezing.

It is important to develop an effective treatment plan for your child's condition based on their age and individual needs. Asthma treatment for children focuses on prevention and treatment. Prevention of an asthma attack may include the use of an inhaler, a home nebulizer machine, anti-inflammatory medication and bronchodilators. ...

Fructose Intolerance

Fructose intolerance exists when an individual does not manufacture the enzyme necessary to break down fructose during digestion. Fructose, in addition to occurring in nature, is used as a man-made sweetener in a variety of products, including many beverages and baby food. Fructose intolerance is a hereditary condition. Symptoms show up in young babies as soon as they begin drinking formula or eating. The condition is rare, but can be very serious, so it should be suspected when a baby has severe gastrointestinal issues, particularly if there is any family history of the disorder. ...

Insect Venom Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is used to treat allergies to the venom of several types of insects, including yellow jackets, honeybees, paper wasps, hornets and fire ants. A reaction to an insect bite or sting is the body's response to the insect's venom. Although for most people insect bites and stings are minor annoyances, some people do have severe reactions. Those allergic to insect stings or bites can have increasingly strong reactions with each exposure; some reactions can even be life-threatening. ...

Latex Allergy

A latex allergy is a reaction by the immune system to products that contain latex. Latex, which is derived from the rubber tree, is used in many common items, including gloves, condoms, pacifiers, rubber bands and balloons. An allergy to latex is particularly prevalent among healthcare professionals, who use latex gloves to avoid the spread of germs. ...

Lichen Planus

Lichen planus is a condition that causes a bumpy rash to develop on the skin. The rash typically forms on the wrists, back, legs, torso or genitals, but may occur anywhere. Lesions or sores may also develop in the mouth. Lichen planus is not a contagious condition and it often affects middle-aged adults but rarely occurs in children. ...

Arthritis

Arthritis is a condition that causes pain, stiffness and swelling in the joints. Osteoarthritis is a common form of arthritis caused by the wearing down of the cartilage that protects the bones of a joint. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune condition caused by an inflammation in the lining of the joints. Both forms of arthritis cause pain, tenderness, and swelling, and may result in loss of movement in the affected joints. Over time, joints affected by arthritis may become severely damaged. Arthritis occurs more frequently in older individuals, however it sometimes develops in athletes from overuse of a joint or after an injury. It can however, affect people of any age, including children. ...

Arthritis FAQs

What is arthritis?

Arthritis is a condition that causes pain, stiffness and swelling in the joints. Arthritis is commonly caused by inflammation in the lining of the joints, which in addition to pain, may result in redness, heat, swelling and loss of movement in the affected joints. Over time, joints affected by arthritis may become severely damaged. There are different types of arthritis, and depending on the cause, may affect people of different ages. Some types of arthritis may cause to damage to other organs of the body in addition to the joints. ...

Elbow Arthritis

Elbow arthritis occurs when the cartilage of the elbow joint becomes worn or damaged. This cartilage normally acts as a cushion between the bone and the joint, and when it is worn away, the direct contact and friction between the bones causes pain, swelling, decreased strength and range of motion. Arthritis of the elbow is often caused by previous trauma or injury to the elbow joint, but can also be the result of aging, as the cartilage within the joint wears down over time. ...

Gout

Gout is a form of arthritis that causes painful, swollen, red and inflamed joints. Gout is caused by a buildup of uric acid that forms crystals in the joints and surrounding tissue. Uric acid is a natural waste product of the body that is normally filtered out of the bloodstream by the kidneys and excreted during urination. Patients with gout have an abnormal metabolism that reduces the effectiveness of the kidneys, causing uric acid to accumulate in the blood. ...

Hand Arthritis

Arthritis is a condition that causes pain, stiffness and swelling in the joints. Osteoarthritis, also known as degenerative arthritis, is the most common form of arthritis and it commonly affects the hands because of their frequent use. Patients can also suffer from an autoimmune condition known as rheumatoid arthritis which causes many of the same symptoms as osteoarthritis in the hand, but has other causes and other systemic effects. ...

Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis

Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, sometimes referred to as juvenile idiopathic arthritis, is an autoimmune disorder that causes symptoms of arthritis in children. Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis affects the lining of the joints and commonly affects children under the age of 16, causing pain, stiffness and swelling in the joints. Symptoms of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis may come and go, and may last for a short time or for years. This condition may lead to growth problems and eye inflammation in some children. ...

Knee Arthritis

Arthritis is a condition that causes pain, stiffness and swelling in the joints. Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis and it commonly affects the knees. Arthritis of the knee may develop as the cartilage protecting the bones of the knee joint wears down over time. Over the years, as stress is put on the joints, cartilage wears thin and sometimes even erodes completely, resulting in stiffness and pain. Arthritis of the knee occurs more frequently in older individuals, however it sometimes develops in athletes from overuse of the knee joint or after an injury. ...

Osteoarthritis

Arthritis is a condition that causes pain, stiffness and swelling in the joints. Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis. It develops as the cartilage protecting the bones of a joint wears down over time. Over the years, as stress is put on the joints, cartilage wears thin and sometimes even erodes completely, resulting in stiffness and pain. It occurs more frequently in older individuals, however it sometimes develops in athletes from overuse of a joint or after an injury. It commonly affects the fingers, knees, lower back and hips, and is often treated with medication, specific exercises, and physical therapy. In severe cases, joint replacement surgery may be suggested. Osteoarthritis tends to get worse over time. ...

Osteoarthritis of the Ankle

Osteoarthritis, a condition that causes pain, stiffness and swelling in the joints, develops over time as the cartilage protecting the bones in the joints wears down. It is the most common form of arthritis, and can affect any joint, including the ankle joint, which connects the shinbone (tibia) to the upper bone of the foot (talus). ...

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder that causes symptoms of arthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis affects the lining of the joints, causing pain, stiffness, and swelling. It may also affect other organs of the body including the heart, lungs and blood vessels. Rheumatoid arthritis is more common in women than men and it usually develops in individuals older than the age of 40. Treatment focuses on controlling symptoms and preventing joint damage, and commonly includes medication to suppress the immune system and reduce pain and inflammation. ...

Shoulder Osteoarthritis

Shoulder osteoarthritis, also known as degenerative bone disease and commonly called arthritis, is a disorder in which cartilage, which acts as a protective cover for the bones, degenerates. Without cartilage to act as a buffer, the affected bones rub together and wear each other down, resulting in pain and swelling. ...

Athlete's Foot

Athlete's foot (tinea pedis) is a common fungal infection that develops in the moist area between the toes or on the soles of the feet. It causes itching, stinging and burning, and, if left untreated, can cause the skin to peel and crack, which, in turn, can lead to bacterial infection. Athlete's foot can also affect the toenails, palms and fingers. It is caused by a variety of fungi that belong to the group "dermatophyte," which also causes ringworm, diaper rash and jock itch (dhobi itch). ...

Ulcerative Colitis

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammation in which sores develop on the innermost lining of the colon and rectum. One of the inflammatory bowel diseases, ulcerative colitis often flares up during periods of physical and emotional stress. The disorder results in painful, often debilitating symptoms, and can eventually lead to colon cancer. It can, however, be managed with treatment. ...

Lower Back Pain

Lower back pain is the most common cause for a work-related disability and one of the main reasons for people staying home from work. The lower back is one of the most important parts of the body as it holds most of our body weight when we stand and is involved in movement when we bend or twist at the waist. Because of its pivotal role and frequent use, the lower back is susceptible to injury and chronic pain. Lower back pain is especially common in older adults who may have decreased bone strength and muscle elasticity. The spongy cartilage pads, called intervertebral discs, that allow for flexibility may wear away and weaken in an elderly person. ...

Overactive Bladder

Overactive bladder (OAB), or urge incontinence, occurs when a person experiences a sudden and frequent urge to urinate that may also be accompanied by urine leakage. This often occurs because the bladder muscles contract at inappropriate times, regardless of how much urine has collected in the bladder. This may be caused by various underlying conditions or certain medications. It can happen to anyone at any age, although it seems to be most common in women and the elderly. ...

Urinary Incontinence

Urinary incontinence (UI) is the loss of bladder control. It is a common condition that involves the involuntary loss of urine. It may range in severity from occasionally leaking urine to a sudden urge to urinate that comes on very strongly. Although it is not usually a serious condition, UI can be embarrassing and affect a person's daily life. Urinary incontinence is most common in women, especially during and after pregnancy. It can, however, affect people of all ages. Being overweight or elderly may also increase the risk of urinary incontinence. ...

Urinary Tract Infection

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common infection of the urinary system, which includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. The urinary tract refers to just the bladder and the urethra, and an infection can develop in either of these areas. These infections occur much more frequently in women than in men and may cause intense pain and discomfort. ...

Blisters

A blister, also known as a bulla, is a bubble of fluid that forms beneath a thin layer of damaged skin. The fluid inside is composed of water and protein that have oozed from the damaged tissue. Commonly, blisters form as a result of irritation caused by rubbing, such as that caused by ill-fitting or new shoes. They generally involve only epidermis, the top layer of the skin. Blisters such as these usually resolve on their own fairly quickly, and do not lead to complications or scarring. Blisters may, however, development for a number of other reasons, some of which can be more serious. All blisters should be watched because even seemingly innocuous blisters can become infected easily. ...

Cold Sores

Cold sores, also known as fever blisters, are among the most common oral lesions, occurring on the lips or around the mouth. These sores, which are often painful, are caused by the herpes simplex virus. There are two types of herpes simplex virus, HSV-1 and HSV-2. Cold sores are usually caused by HSV-1, while HSV-2 is usually the cause of genital herpes. ...

Bloating

Bloating occurs when gas builds up inside the abdomen as digestion occurs. Bloating can result in discomfort, pain, a distended abdomen, or excessive gas (flatulence). In most instances, bloating is a benign symptom, easily preventable or treatable, but severe, persistent or chronic bloating may indicate a more serious digestive disturbance. When bloating is an ongoing symptom, or when it is accompanied by worsening heartburn, abdominal or chest pain, blood in the stool, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, or weight loss, a physician should be immediately consulted. ...

High Blood Pressure

High blood pressure, also known as hypertension, occurs when the pressure of the blood flowing against the artery walls is above the normal range. Blood pressure is determined by the amount of blood the heart pumps and the blood flow resistance in the arteries. If the heart pumps more blood than normal, and the arteries are narrower than normal, the result is high blood pressure. Untreated high blood pressure can cause serious health problems, including heart attack, kidney failure and stroke. There are two types of high blood pressure: primary and secondary. Primary hypertension is high blood pressure that develops gradually over the course of time, and secondary hypertension is high blood pressure that results from an underlying medical condition. ...

High Blood Pressure FAQs

High blood pressure, also known as hypertension, occurs when the pressure of the blood flowing against the artery walls is above the normal range. Blood pressure is measured in two sets of numbers. The first number is the systolic reading, which is the pressure when the heart is beating. The second number is the diastolic number, the pressure when the heart is resting. High blood pressure occurs when the systolic reading is at 140 or higher and/or the diastolic reading is 90 or above. ...

Low Blood Pressure

Low blood pressure, also known as hypotension, is a goal that many people try to achieve in order to avoid the symptoms and complications of high blood pressure. Yet when blood pressure is too low, it can be a serious medical condition, potentially causing permanent damage to the heart and the brain. ...

Body Mass Index

Body mass index, or BMI, is a calculation of total body fat based on height and weight. It is used to determine whether a patient is underweight, at a healthy weight or overweight. A high BMI can alert both doctor and patient to potential health risks associated with obesity, such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, breathing difficulties, severe sleep apnea or certain cancers. A low BMI can help to diagnose various illnesses which lead to or are precipitated by malnutrition, such as anemia, eating disorders or other types of cancer. ...

Nipple Discharge

Nipple discharge is the leaking of fluid out of a breast nipple. Nipple discharge is common in pregnant women and in women who are nursing or in the process of stopping nursing. The discharge may look milky, clear, or have a yellow or brownish tint. Some newborn babies have nipple discharge for up to two weeks after birth as a result of the hormones from their mothers that are still present in their system. ...

Bronchitis

Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes, which carry air in and out of the lungs during respiration. There are two types of bronchitis: acute and chronic. Acute bronchitis is common, occurring frequently as a complication of a cold or other respiratory infection. Chronic bronchitis, however, is less common and more serious. A person is considered to have the chronic form when the bronchitis lasts longer, up to several months, and occurs more frequently, two or more times a year. Chronic bronchitis may be a precursor of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). ...

Rehabilitation for Burn Injuries

After sustaining severe burn injuries, a patient usually needs skin grafts. However, grafted tissue can become very tight, severely restricting range of motion. During recovery, a rehabilitation program can help the patient to regain the endurance, strength and balance needed to perform everyday activities. ...

Rehabilitation for Bursitis

Bursitis is the painful inflammation of a bursa, a sac between tissues that is filled with lubricating fluid. In many cases, the condition can be treated at home by resting, applying ice, and taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). In more severe cases, rehabilitation is necessary. Generally speaking, bursitis pain that persists for a week or more should be evaluated by a physician. ...

Cardiovascular Disease FAQs

The heart is a muscle that pumps oxygenated blood from the arteries throughout the body. Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the buildup of fatty deposits in the coronary arteries, the arteries that supply blood to the heart. These fatty substances, such as cholesterol, fat or cells that collect along the lining of the coronary arteries are called plaque. Most of the plaque build-up, either in the heart or the blood vessels, develops over the course of time. Because the arteries supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart, any blockage left untreated can result in the risk of the patient experiencing a heart attack, stroke or even death. ...

Angina

Angina is chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart, as a result of coronary heart disease. When plaque forms on the inner walls of the coronary arteries, blood flow is slowed. As this plaque builds, the heart must work harder to ensure blood flow. This buildup of plaque, known as atherosclerosis, causes the heart to gradually become oxygen-starved, producing pain in the surrounding tissue. Angina may feel like pressure or a squeezing pain in the chest and is often associated with a range of other symptoms, including shortness of breath, dizziness sweating, nausea, and fatigue. ...

Blood Thinners

Blood thinners are medications used to prevent blood clots from forming in the circulatory system. If a blood clot forms in a vein or artery, it can travel to the heart, brain or lungs, causing, depending on the clot's location, a heart attack, stroke or pulmonary embolism. People who have irregular heart rhythms (atrial fibrillation) or congenital heart defects, or who have had coronary stents inserted or undergone heart-valve surgery, have a greater likelihood of getting blood clots. ...

Celiac Disease

Celiac disease, also known as celiac sprue or gluten sensitive enteropathy, is an autoimmune disease affecting both children and adults. It is a chronic digestive disorder that results in adverse reactions to foods that contain gluten, a protein found in wheat, rye, and barley. Gluten can also be found in non-food products, such as lipstick and envelope glue. All sources of gluten must be avoided by patients with celiac disease. ...

Chickenpox

Chickenpox, caused by the varicella-zoster virus, is a highly contagious childhood disease which causes a red, itchy rash of small blisters all over the body. The rash typically first appears on the trunk and then spreads to the face and limbs. The illness can be serious in babies, pregnant women and people with weakened immune systems. Previously considered an inevitable childhood disease, the illness is now far less common since a chickenpox vaccine has been developed and is normally administered to all young children. With very few exceptions, children in the United States must be vaccinated against chicken pox before registering to attend day care or school. Most frequently, children have been given their second and final dose of chickenpox vaccine by the time they are 6 years old, but if necessary they can be vaccinated later on. ...

Childhood Obesity

Children between the ages of 2 to 19 years are diagnosed as obese when their body mass index, or BMI is greater than or equal to the 95th percentile. The body mass index takes into consideration both height and weight and while it is not a perfect measurement, it is a good indicator of body fat. Children will tend to have different amounts of body fat at different points in time, especially during growth periods, and the healthy range for BMI will vary based on age and gender. Children who are obese have too much body fat according to the BMI index and are at a weight that is greater than what is considered healthy for their height. ...

High Cholesterol

Cholesterol is produced by the liver, the intestines and nearly all tissues in the body. Cholesterol is needed for the production of hormones, vitamin D, and the bile necessary to digest fats in food. Cholesterol also protects cell membranes from changes in temperature. Although a certain amount of cholesterol is needed, too much is unhealthy. An excessive amount of cholesterol can block blood flow in the arteries, which can lead to a stroke. High cholesterol does not have symptoms, but a simple blood test can determine its presence. Cholesterol levels can be controlled or reduced with an active and healthy lifestyle, although, in some cases, medication will be necessary. ...

Colic

While crying is considered normal for babies, some cry excessively for no apparent reason and are seemingly inconsolable. Colic is characterized by crying more than three hours a day, three days a week for more than three weeks. This condition affects up to 25 percent of babies and although not dangerous, colic can be very upsetting to parents. Babies with colic eat and gain weight normally, however if an infant is losing weight, it may be a sign of a more serious condition. ...

The Common Cold

A common cold is a viral infection that affects the upper respiratory tract. The common cold also affects the nose and throat and may be caused by different viruses. Symptoms of the common cold normally last about one week but may last longer in children, the elderly, and in individuals with other underlying conditions or illnesses. The common cold is one of the main reasons people visit the doctor each year. ...

Concussion

A concussion is a common type of brain injury most often caused by a direct blow to the head or sudden head movement that causes temporary brain malfunction. When the head is hit unexpectedly, the brain can move and hit the skull, affecting memory, judgment, reflexes, speech, balance and coordination. A concussion may also be caused by a sports related injury, a motor vehicle accident or from being violently shaken. Most concussions are considered mild injuries, and people usually fully recover from this condition. ...

Diarrhea

Diarrhea is a condition in which the patient passes loose, watery stool many times a day, often accompanied by a sense of urgency, cramps and stomach upset. Diarrhea can be brought on by bacteria, parasites, disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, medication or food intolerances. In most cases, diarrhea is not a long-lasting or serious condition. However, if it lasts for more than 3 days, is accompanied by a fever, severe abdominal pain or bloody stool, medical consultation is necessary. ...

Gastritis

Gastritis is the abnormal inflammation of the lining of the stomach. Gastritis can be acute, or chronic, but most often is not a serious condition.

Causes of Gastritis

Gastritis usually occurs when the mucous lining on the stomach is weakened and becomes damaged and inflamed by digestive juices. This weakening can be triggered by a number of factors such as: ...

Influenza

Influenza, also known as the flu, is a contagious viral infection that appears seasonally. It spreads from person to person and can cause mild to severe symptoms. The flu affects the nose, throat and lungs and symptoms may include fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, and fatigue. For some people, the flu can lead to serious complications, and possibly even death. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), up to 20 percent of Americans gets the flu each year, and more than 200,000 people are hospitalized annually from flu-related complications. Young children, older adults and people with chronic diseases or weakened immune systems are at a higher risk for infection. ...

Insomnia

Insomnia is a sleep disorder that involves difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep, sometimes both. Although most people suffer an occasional sleepless night, patients with insomnia have difficulty sleeping on a regular basis. This condition affects approximately 1 in 10 people in the United States and can lead to other troubling symptoms, such as fatigue, low energy level, and a weakened immune system. While insomnia is not normally considered a serious medical disorder, it can make life difficult, or even unmanageable. ...

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Irritable bowel syndrome, also known as IBS or spastic colon, is a disorder of the gastrointestinal tract. IBS is not a disease, but a functional disorder. Although, unlike Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, it is not a form of inflammatory bowel disease, it causes very uncomfortable, and sometimes embarrassing, symptoms that require long-term management. ...

Menopause

Menopause is the time in a woman's life when her menstrual period has stopped. Menopause is caused by a decrease in the ovaries' production of the hormones estrogen and progesterone, which eventually results in the ovaries' ceasing to produce eggs, and the end of menstruation.

A woman has reached menopause when she has not had a menstrual period for at least 12 months. Menopause is a natural process that takes several years. During this time, fertility decreases, and periods often change in duration, frequency, and amount of blood flow. This stage is known as perimenopause, and it is often when symptoms of menopause begin. The average age that menopause occurs is 51, although it may occur prematurely in women who have had total hysterectomies or have received chemotherapy or radiation treatments. ...

Migraine Headache

Migraines are chronic headaches that cause intense pain, and throbbing or pulsing sensations in the head. Along with severe head pain, some people also experience nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound. The pain and symptoms of a migraine may last from hours to days at a time. Most people experience recurring migraine headaches that may be triggered by stress, anxiety, hormonal changes, certain foods or changes in sleep patterns. Migraines are more common in women than men and they may develop as a result of genetic or environmental factors. Migraines can begin at any age, though most people experience their first migraine during adolescence. ...

Nausea and Vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are uncomfortable symptoms that may or may not be indicative of a serious disorder. Nausea is a feeling of uneasiness in the stomach, usually accompanied by the sensation that one needs to, or is about to, vomit. Vomiting is the emptying, most often involuntarily, but occasionally voluntarily, of the stomach contents through the mouth. ...

Menstruation

Menstruation is the monthly vaginal bleeding a woman experiences as the uterine lining is shed. Every month, an ovary releases an egg that travels down the fallopian tube to the uterus. If the egg is not fertilized, the egg and lining of the uterus are shed, resulting in menstruation. The average menstrual period lasts from 3 to 5 days, although it can vary from person to person and from month to month. ...

Coronavirus (COVID-19)

COVID-19: 'CO' stands for 'corona,' 'VI' for 'virus', and 'D' for disease. '19' refers to the year '2019' in which it was first identified. The disease was formerly referred to as "2019 novel coronavirus" or "2019-nCoV".
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Coxsackie Virus

The coxsackie virus, also known as hand-foot-mouth disease, is a highly contagious virus that is spread through exposure to infected bodily fluids, surfaces contaminated by feces, or unwashed hands. It usually affects young children, under the age of ten. The incubation period after exposure is one to seven days. While not considered to be serious, the coxsackie virus is highly contagious. The coxsackie virus can cause sores in the mouth and a rash on the hands and feet. The coxsackie virus thrives in a warm climate and occurs more commonly in the summer and fall seasons in the United States. ...

Croup

Croup is the result of an inflammation of the upper airways, including the larynx, or voice box, the windpipe and throat. Often caused by a virus, croup can cause hoarseness in the voice and a barking cough. This condition occurs most often in infants and children under the age of five because their airways are small. In the United States, croup is most common in the fall and winter months between October and March. Although croup is not a serious condition, it can be troubling for both parent and child. ...

Dandruff

Dandruff is a chronic skin disorder that causes itching and flaking of the scalp. Fortunately, there are treatments to effectively control dandruff as it can be a nuisance since the itching is uncomfortable and the flaking visible.

Mild cases of dandruff can usually be managed with an over-the-counter dandruff shampoo. More stubborn cases may need a prescription-strength shampoo. Although dandruff is chronic, it can be controlled by managing stress, shampooing often and cutting back on styling products. ...

Depression

Depression is a medical condition that causes extreme feelings of sadness and emptiness. People who suffer from depression may lose interest in activities they once enjoyed, and experience a constant feeling of hopelessness on a daily basis. Depression, also known as clinical or major depression, may be triggered by certain events or occur along with other illnesses. Severe depression can interfere with a person's ability to work, sleep, eat, interact with others or enjoy life. With treatment, however, depression can become a manageable condition. ...

Diabetes

Diabetes is the inability of the body to create or use insulin, a hormone secreted by the pancreas that enables sugar or glucose to enter cells. Diabetes is a serious, chronic metabolic disorder in which the body either does not produce enough insulin or does not respond to the insulin being produced. ...

Gestational Diabetes

Gestational diabetes (gestational diabetes mellitus) is a form of diabetes diagnosed during pregnancy. While the condition is estimated to affect nearly 20 percent of all pregnant women, gestational diabetes occurs in women who were not diabetic before they became pregnant and, in many cases, do not remain diabetic after they give birth. Only about half of the patients diagnosed with gestational diabetes have risk factors for the disorder. ...

Dermagraft® Human-Fibroblast-Derived Dermal Substitute

Dermagraft® dermal (skin) substitute is used to treat diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) that extend through the dermis, and have not healed in more than 6 weeks. DFUs are a common and chronic complication of diabetes. Dermagraft dermal substitute, which is made of human fibroblast cells derived from newborn foreskin tissue, helps DFUs to heal. The first step in the Dermagraft treatment process is to thoroughly clean the DFU. Then, Dermagraft dermal substitute, which contains a dissolvable mesh fabric, is placed over the DFU, and covered with a sterile dressing. According to the manufacturer's website, Dermagraft dermal substitute "helps to restore the compromised DFU dermal bed to facilitate healing by providing a substrate over which the patient's own epithelial cells can migrate to close the wound." It can be applied weekly, with a maximum of 8 treatments allowed during a 12-week period. ...

Diaper Rash

Diaper rash is a skin inflammation that appears as red splotches on your baby's bottom. In addition to red marks on the bottom, your baby may have a diaper rash if he or she is suddenly uncomfortable during diaper changes.

Causes of Diaper Rash

Some babies develop a diaper rash as a result of the following: ...

Dry Eye

Dry eye is a common condition in which the eyes are insufficiently lubricated, leading to itching, redness and pain. The eyes can become dry and irritated because the tear ducts are not producing a sufficient number of tears, or because there is a chemical imbalance in the tears themselves. Natural tears require a particular chemical balance to lubricate the eyes efficiently. ...

Ear Infections

Ear infections, also known as otitis media, are one of the most common childhood medical problems. Ear infections are the most frequent cause of doctor visits for children. In fact, three out of four children in the United States will have at least one ear infection by the time they reach the age of three. ...

Tympanic Membrane Perforation

Tympanic membrane perforation, or perforation of the eardrum, occurs when the membrane is torn or punctured. Sometimes when the tympanic membrane is perforated, the small bones of the inner ear, called ossicles, are fractured at the same time. An eardrum perforation may cause hearing loss in the affected ear, but this is usually temporary. ...

Earwax

Earwax, also known as cerumen, is a natural substance produced by glands in the ear canal to protect the eardrum from damage and infections. Earwax accumulates naturally, and then dries up and falls out of the ear canal. It functions to rid the ear of dust or sand particles, and repel water, which may contain bacteria and can cause infections. Without earwax, ears would be dry, itchy and unprotected. Earwax is made up of various different materials, and may be soft and almost liquid, or firm and solid. It is composed of dead skin cells, bacteria, sweat, oil and water. The production and clearing of earwax is natural and self-regulating so, under ordinary circumstances, the vast majority of people need never clean their ears. ...

Emphysema

Emphysema is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It occurs when the walls of the alveoli (the air sacs in the lungs) become damaged, resulting in the development of large pockets. When this happens, respiratory function is impaired and the level of oxygen in the bloodstream decreases. Emphysema is usually caused by smoking or other environmental factors. Although it can be managed with treatment, it cannot be cured because the damage to the alveoli is irreversible. ...

Epilepsy in Children

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder caused by disturbances in brain activity, that results in recurrent seizures. Epileptic seizures can cause muscle spasms, convulsions and other troubling symptoms at any time. Epilepsy may develop as a result of abnormal brain wiring, an imbalance in nerve signals, or changes in brain cells. In many cases, the cause of epilepsy is unknown, however, it may be caused by genetics, head injury, tumor, certain diseases, or prenatal brain damage. Symptoms of epileptic seizures in children may vary and while seizures may be mild, all forms of epilepsy should be treated, as seizures may put children in danger during certain activities. ...

Epilepsy

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder that results in recurrent seizures caused by disturbances in brain activity. Epilepsy may develop as a result of abnormal brain wiring, an imbalance in nerve signals, or changes in brain cells. In many cases, the cause of epilepsy is unknown. Sometimes, however, its origin may be traced to genetic predisposition, head injury, tumor, stroke, certain diseases, or prenatal brain damage. Symptoms of epileptic seizures may vary and only individuals who have experienced two or more seizures are considered to have epilepsy. Although seizures may be mild, all forms of epilepsy should be treated, as seizures may put individuals in danger during certain activities. ...

Corneal Abrasion

The cornea is the clear covering of the front of the eye which bends, or refracts, light rays as they enter the eye. Injuries, such as scratches or cuts, on the surface of the cornea are known as corneal abrasions. Due to the amount of nerve cells in the cornea, a corneal abrasion is usually painful. A corneal abrasion causes significant pain and discomfort; it is a serious condition that should be medically addressed as soon as possible. ...

Eye Infections

Eye infections can occur when a patient has been exposed to a virus, fungus or bacterium. Different types of infections strike particular portions of the eye. Both eyes or only one may become infected.

Symptoms of an Eye Infection

Common symptoms of an eye infection may include the following symptoms: ...

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Chronic fatigue syndrome is a condition that is characterized by extreme fatigue that does not improve with rest. Fatigue caused by this condition is ongoing and may worsen after physical activity or mental exertion. Anyone can suffer from chronic fatigue syndrome, although it is most common in middle aged women. The exact cause of chronic fatigue syndrome is unknown which makes this condition difficult to treat. ...

Fecal Incontinence

Fecal incontinence is a common condition involving a loss of bowel control, resulting in a leaking of stool from the rectum, which often occurs during the passage of gas. It typically affects older adults and is more common in older females because of past pregnancies. Although it may be embarrassing to discuss, fecal incontinence is a common condition affecting millions of people, and should receive proper medical attention so that patients can engage in their everyday activities without the worry of incontinence. ...

Fibromyalgia

Fibromyalgia is a chronic condition that causes fatigue, as well as widespread pain and tenderness in the muscles, ligaments and tendons. People with fibromyalgia have specific tender points on their bodies that are particularly sensitive when pressure is applied. Fibromyalgia is also associated with sleep problems, headaches and trouble concentrating. Women are more likely than men to develop fibromyalgia, as are people between 40 and 60 years old. ...

Folliculitis

Folliculitis is the inflammation of hair follicles, resulting from small skin abscesses, that can occur anywhere on the skin. The cause of most cases of folliculitis is the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus which enters the body through tiny breaks in the skin, such as those caused by friction with clothing, shaving too closely, or insect bites. ...

Foot Sprains and Strains

Both foot sprains and foot strains are very common injuries, occurring as a result of sports accidents, falls, or other traumas. The difference between the two types of injuries is that sprains affect the ligaments, the thick strands of cartilage attaching one bone to another, and strains affect the muscles or the tendons, thick bands attaching muscle to bone. In both cases, the patient with the injury usually experiences pain (particularly upon movement), swelling, tenderness, bruising, weakness or muscle spasms. Foot sprains, the more serious injury, may also cause possible instability of the joint, most frequently the ankle. Depending on where on the foot the injury occurs, patients may be unable to bear weight until healing takes place. ...

Freckles

Freckles are small, circular spots of darkened skin that tend to appear most frequently on the face, arms and shoulders of people with fair complexions. They may appear on children as young as a year old, but may continue to appear randomly, especially after exposure to sun. Freckles occur as a result of an increased pigment called melanin that is distributed unevenly through the skin. The occurrence of freckles tends to be hereditary. The proliferation of freckles can be limited to a certain extent by using sunscreen, sunblock, or other protection against prolonged exposure to sunlight. ...

Bard EndoCinch%u2122 Suturing System

Patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease, also known as GERD, have many treatment options available to them to reduce the symptoms of their condition. While many patients find relief with acid-blocking medication, others prefer surgery to relieve severe symptoms or eliminate the need for daily medication. ...

Constipation

Constipation affects almost everyone at some point. A person is considered constipated if he or she has three or fewer bowel movements a week, or has bowel movements that are hard, dry and/or painful. How often a bowel movement typically occurs determines whether a person is considered constipated. ...

Laser Hair Removal

Laser hair removal is a cosmetic procedure that uses pulsed laser energy to remove unwanted hair from a targeted area, while leaving surrounding skin unharmed. Common areas on which laser hair removal is performed are the chin, upper lip, chest, underarms, back, bikini line and legs.

Although there are many temporary treatments, including tweezing, shaving, using depilatory creams and waxing, to remove unwanted hair, patients seeking more permanent and less irritating/painful methods are frequently good candidates for laser hair removal. Through what is a safe and usually painless procedure, hair can be removed from nearly any area of the body (the eye area is an exception because of the possibility of serious eye damage). ...

Head Lice

Lice are tiny, wingless insects that live and feed on the blood in the scalp of the head, the back of the neck and behind the ears. Head lice can live for up to 30 days on a human.

Causes of Head Lice

Because lice are unable to fly, they are spread through close contact with: ...

Tension Headache

A tension headache is the most common type of headache that affects people of all ages but typically affect adults and adolescents.

Causes of Tension Headaches

Tension headaches occur due to the contraction of the muscles in the neck and scalp. These contractions may be due to the following: ...

Cluster Headache

A cluster headache is a severe headache that can occur for a period of weeks to months and then stop completely for a period of time that can last at least a month or more. Men, more than women, are more likely to be affected with cluster headaches. The headaches usually manifest during adolescence and middle age but can occur at any age. ...

Hearing Aids

Hearing aids are a common non-invasive treatment option for hearing loss. A hearing aid is a small electronic device worn in or behind the ear to amplify sounds. While hearing aids are useful in improving listening and communication, they do not cure hearing impairment or make the ear function normally. ...

Hearing Loss

Hearing loss is the sudden or gradual decrease in hearing. Hearing loss can be mild or severe, reversible, temporary or permanent, and may affect one or both ears. The most common cause of hearing loss is age, affecting up to 25 percent of people between the ages of 65 and 75 and up to 50 percent of those over the age of 75. Age-related hearing loss, known as presbycusis, results from changes in the ear which cause gradual hearing loss. Some individuals are hearing-impaired or deaf as a result of a congenital defect or because of an illness, such as Ménière's disease. ...

Heartburn

Heartburn, also known as pyrosis, is a painful, burning sensation in the chest or throat. The problem occurs when stomach acid travels up into the esophagus, the portion of the digestive tract that transports food from the mouth to the stomach. Although heartburn is usually temporary and not serious, for some individuals it develops into a chronic problem. It may be a symptom of a more serious disorder, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), which may eventually cause extensive damage to the esophagus. ...

Heat Stroke

Heat stroke occurs as a result of prolonged exposure to high temperatures or by physical activity in hot weather. This medical emergency is a serious condition where the body temperature rises to 104 degrees or higher. Many patients experience heat cramps or heat exhaustion, which are considered milder, less serious forms of heat stroke, although they still should be treated properly. Heat stroke can cause damage to the brain and other internal organs. ...

Hemorrhoids FAQs

Hemorrhoids are swollen, inflamed veins in the anal canal (internal hemorrhoids) or under the skin around the anus (external hemorrhoids). In their normal state, these veins provide cushioning during bowel movements. They can, however, swell from lifting, straining, being constipated, passing hard stools and having diarrhea, or from pregnancy. Hemorrhoids are not usually serious, but they can be painful and interfere with quality of life. If swelling persists, the veins may become permanently stretched (prolapsed). Hemorrhoids are a very common complaint, particularly in people older than 50. Fortunately, there are many treatment options available. ...

Hiatal Hernia FAQs

What is a hiatal hernia?

A hiatal hernia occurs when part of the stomach pushes up into the chest cavity through an opening in the diaphragm called the hiatus. It is the hole through which the esophagus attaches to the stomach. If the stomach pushes upward through a weakened area in the wall of the diaphragm, however, this results in a hiatal hernia and, often, symptoms of acid reflux. ...

Herniated Disc

A herniated disc (also called a ruptured or slipped disc) is a damaged "cushion" between two bones in the spine (vertebrae). Normally, the gelatinous discs between the vertebrae hold the bones in place and act as shock absorbers, permitting the spine to bend smoothly. When a disc protrudes beyond its normal parameters, and its tough outer layer of cartilage cracks, the disc is considered "herniated." ...

Pertussis Vaccination

Many diseases that caused serious illness and even death in the past are rare today because of routine immunizations. Pertussis, or whooping cough, is a potentially dangerous infection of the respiratory tract. It is extremely contagious and can produce a severe cough that can last for weeks and may make breathing difficult. Pertussis can lead to pneumonia and be fatal in some cases. ...

Female Urinary Incontinence

Urinary incontinence, the involuntary loss of urine, is more common in women, especially during and after pregnancy, although it can affect people of all ages. While not usually a serious medical condition, incontinence can be embarrassing and can adversely affect quality of life. A symptom, rather than a condition, female urinary incontinence can range from mild stress incontinence to complete loss of bladder control. ...

Female Infertility

Couples are considered to have infertility problems if they have been unable to conceive after a prolonged period, usually a year, of regular, unprotected sexual intercourse. Infertility may be attributed to the man, the woman, or both partners. When a female cause of infertility is determined, which occurs about one-third of the time, there are many measures that can be taken to help the couple conceive. Single women who are having trouble becoming pregnant may also seek medical evaluation. ...

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Inflammatory bowel disease, also known as IBD, is a group of chronic or recurring disorders that cause the digestive tract to become inflamed. The most common forms of IBD include Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. IBD is considered to be an autoimmune disease where the body's immune system attacks various parts of the digestive tract. ...

Flu Vaccination

Influenza, also known as the flu, is a contagious virus that appears seasonally. It spreads from person to person and can cause mild to severe illness. Symptoms of the flu include fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, headache, chills, and fatigue. For some people, the flu can lead to serious complications, and possibly even death. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), up to 20 percent of Americans get the flu each year, and more than 200,000 people are hospitalized annually from flu-related complications. Flu season may start as early as October and usually subsides by May. ...

Pruritus

Pruritus, or itching, is a tingling, irritating sensation on the surface of the skin that provokes scratching. While incidental itching may be resolved by scratching, persistent itching is often only worsened by this response. Itching may be confined to one area on the body or may be an encompassing condition. When confined to a specific area, itching is usually the result of a localized contact with an irritant. When it involves the whole body, it is more likely the result of a systemic disorder and may require a medical diagnosis through blood tests or skin biopsy. Severe itching is experienced as akin to pain. ...

Jaundice

Jaundice is a symptom of several different conditions that cause a yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes. It is the result of too much bilirubin that has built up in the body. Bilirubin is formed when hemoglobin, a component of red blood cells that transports oxygen in red blood cells, breaks down. As blood cells break down, they are processed by the liver. If the liver is unable to process the red blood cells, bilirubin builds up in the body, causing the skin to yellow, urine to darken, and skin to itch. ...

Joint Pain

Joint pain is a common complaint, often prompting patients to seek chiropractic or other medical care. When joints, the places where bones meet in order to facilitate movement, get out of alignment, several painful conditions can result. Joint misalignment affects both muscles and nerves, often resulting not only in localized pain, but in radicular pain, pain that runs down the adjacent limb. Although any joint can move out of its correct position, the joints that most often bring patients in for treatment are the facet joints of the back, the sacroiliac (SI) joints and the temporomandibular joints (TMJ). ...

Lactose Intolerance

Lactose intolerance, also known as lactase deficiency, is the inability to fully digest lactose, a milk sugar found in dairy products. While lactose intolerance is not usually a serious condition, it can produce uncomfortable symptoms. In order to manage or eliminate such symptoms, certain dietary changes are necessary. Patients with lactose intolerance, depending on the severity of the condition, have to limit or eliminate their intake of dairy products, take supplements of the enzyme their bodies fail to produce, or consume lactose-free dairy products. Lactose intolerance is a common condition, affecting more than half of adults as they age. ...

Hepatitis A

Hepatitis A is an inflammation of the liver caused by the highly contagious hepatitis A virus.

Causes of Hepatitis A

Hepatitis A is usually transmitted by some of the following:

Eating contaminated food or water
Close contact with either the stool or the blood of an infected person
Sexual relations with an infected person
Sharing needles
Traveling to an undeveloped country

While hepatitis A is not usually serious, certain measures are recommended to prevent this infection. ...

Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B is an inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus. Left untreated, hepatitis B can become a serious, chronic condition that may permanently damage the liver.

Risk Factors of Hepatitis B

The hepatitis B infection is spread through the blood and other bodily fluids of an infected person and can be transmitted through some the following: ...

Hepatitis C

Hepatitis C is a contagious liver disease caused by an infection with the Hepatitis C virus. There is no vaccine for Hepatitis C and no treatment to cure the condition either, so it is important to take precautions to prevent an infection with this disease. Chronic Hepatitis C is the leading cause of cirrhosis, liver cancer and liver transplants in the United States. About 60 percent of all new cases of Hepatitis C are the result of injected drug use. ...

Low Testosterone in Men

Low testosterone, a form of hypogonadism, occurs when the body fails to produce an adequate supply of this hormone. This condition is more prevalent as men age, occurring in about 20 percent of men age 60 and older and increasing to as much as 50 percent in men age 80 and older. While testosterone is thought of as the male hormone, it is necessary for female functioning as well, and women may also suffer from low testosterone. ...

Lyme Disease

Lyme disease is caused by a bacterium spread to humans by the bite of an infected black-legged tick. The tick becomes infected with the bacteria if it has bitten an infected mouse or deer. Humans are most frequently bitten by young ticks (nymphs) that are small and difficult to spot. Individuals who go to places where black-legged ticks are prevalent should take care to protect themselves. Most cases of Lyme disease can be effectively treated if diagnosed early, but left untreated can result in serious, life-altering symptoms. ...

Orchitis

Orchitis is an inflammation that occurs in one or both of the testicles. It is usually the result of an infection caused by a virus or bacteria. Orchitis may cause a rapid onset of pain in one or both testicles that may spread to the groin area. Orchitis may be related to a mumps infection, affecting about one third of males who have contracted the virus. Orchitis may also be caused by a bladder or urethral infection, most commonly associated with sexually transmitted diseases. ...

Muscle Cramps

Muscles cramps, colloquially known as a charley horse, are a common, painful ailment. While not usually considered serious, the sudden contraction of the muscle, or spasm, can cause serious discomfort and temporarily interfere with function. In some cases, muscle cramps may be a sign of a medical issue that needs to be addressed. Muscle cramps can occur anywhere in the body, but most frequently occur in the legs, affecting the calf, hamstring or quadriceps muscles. ...

Mycotic Nail Infections

Mycotic (fungal) nail infections are very common. Although they can occur on the fingernails, they are more commonly found on the toenails, because fungus grows more readily in warm, dark, moist areas like enclosed shoes. Infected nails appear discolored, thick and brittle and may at times be painful. Mycotic nail infections most frequently appear in adults. ...

Open Wounds and Lacerations

An open wound involves a break in the skin or tissue that may be caused by, among other things, accident, injury or animal bite. A laceration is a type of open wound, one with jagged, irregular edges. Open wounds and lacerations typically involve bleeding, redness, swelling, pain, and tenderness. They can occur nearly anywhere on the body, with the upper extremities being a common location for open wounds/lacerations caused by accidents or falls. Deeper wounds or lacerations may require medical attention to prevent infection and loss of function, due to damage to underlying structures such as bone, muscle, tendon, arteries and nerves. Medical care for wounds and lacerations focuses on promoting healing, preventing complications and preserving function. While important, cosmetic results are not the primary consideration for wound repair. ...

Palatal Expander

Palatal expanders are common orthodontic appliances used to correct a cross bite, a type of malocclusion, by repositioning the jaw. Typically, palatal expanders are used at the initial stage of treatment, before the application of braces, as a way to eliminate crowding. Palatal expanders are normally used on individuals whose mid-palate has not yet fused with the jaw; such fusion normally takes place just after puberty, between the ages of 12 and 16 years. ...

Osteopenia

Osteopenia is a condition characterized by low bone mass. Although not as low as osteoporosis, osteopenia is the result of a loss of calcium and minerals from the bones. If too many minerals are lost, bones become more porous, brittle and considerably weak. Individuals with osteopenia usually do not experience any symptoms, however they may be at risk for eventually developing osteoporosis and may have a have a higher risk of bone fractures. Osteopenia becomes more common as people age, and women are more likely to develop osteopenia than men. ...

Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a condition that causes the bones to become weak and brittle, placing them at a high risk for fracture. In all individuals, bone wears down over time, but is replaced with new bone tissue. As people age, bone loss occurs at a faster rate than new bone is created, resulting in osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is the result of increasing bone loss, and is more common in older people, especially women. ...

Tapeworm Infection

Tapeworms are parasitic, flat, segmented worms that live in the gastrointestinal tract of certain animals and humans. The most common means of transmission of tapeworms to humans is through ingestion of undercooked meat from infected animals. The infection can occur in animals that graze, or drink contaminated water. Most often, tapeworms in humans are easily treated with medication. Left untreated, however, they can cause serious, even life-threatening symptoms. ...

Indigestion

Indigestion, also known as dyspepsia, is a collection of chronic or acute symptoms that describes pain and discomfort experienced in the upper abdomen.

Causes of Indigestion

Indigestion may occur as a result of overeating, eating foods that are high in fat, eating foods that are spicy, and eating too fast. Some of the other causes of indigestion may include the following: ...

Acromegaly

Acromegaly is a rare endocrinological disorder in which an excessive amount of growth hormone is produced by the pituitary gland after normal growth has been completed. In almost all cases, acromegaly results from a noncancerous tumor on the pituitary gland. In rare instances, acromegaly is caused by a tumor elsewhere in the body. ...

Plantar Fasciitis

Plantar fasciitis is an inflammation of the plantar fascia, a band of fibrous connective tissue that runs along the bottom of the foot from the heel to the base of the toes. This band normally supports the muscles and the arch of the foot, functioning as a shock absorber, but if, after repeated stretching, it tears, inflammation and severe heel pain, exacerbated by standing or walking, result. Plantar fasciitis is the most frequent cause of heel pain and a common reason for the development of outgrowths of bone, called heel spurs, as well. It is more common in women and tends to occur as people age. ...

Plantar Warts

Plantar warts are noncancerous growths that develop on the soles of the feet. Caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), plantar warts are frequently found on the heels or balls of the feet, areas to which the most pressure is applied during standing or walking. While plantar warts are not a serious health threat, they may cause pain or tenderness and therefore need to be removed. ...

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

Many women experience physical and emotional changes several days before menstruation begins. This condition is known as premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Symptoms, which may include breast swelling or tenderness, headaches, fatigue, bloating, acne, anxiety, irritability, mood swings and depression, commonly subside a day or two after menstruation begins. When the symptoms of PMS are severe and disrupt daily activities, a diagnosis of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PDD) may be made. ...

Midwifery

Certified nurse-midwives, also known as a CNM, provide a wide variety of health care services to benefit women. Their focus is a woman's health needs from the teenage years through menopause. The services a CNM offers typically involve primary care, gynecology and family planning. In addition they also assist during pregnancy, delivery and following childbirth. CNMs are also trained and qualified to provide care for normal infants during their first four weeks, as well as treating sexually transmitted diseases in both male and female partners. ...

Psoriasis

Psoriasis is a common, chronic skin condition. The result of a rapid buildup of skin cells, psoriasis causes red, raised, dry and cracked scaly patches, and even blisters, to form on the skin. In some cases, psoriasis affects the fingernails, causing yellowing and small depressions. Psoriasis can be mild, moderate or severe, and, in most cases, causes itching and burning in affected areas or skin. ...

Psoriasis FAQs

Topical Steroids

Topical steroids are an effective topical treatment for skin conditions such as rashes, eczema, and psoriasis. Steroids help to suppress the inflammation of the skin that is caused by flare-ups of eczema and other rashes that occur on the upper layer of the dermis. Topical steroids help to relieve the itching caused by a variety of skin conditions, which in turn prevents a possible infection from occurring when the affected area is scratched. In addition, topical steroids often prove to be an effective treatment for vitiligo, atopic dermatitis, lichen sclerosus and several other skin conditions. While these creams and ointments are not a cure for eczema or other skin ailments, they do relieve symptoms such as itching, inflammation and redness. ...

Razor Bumps

Razor bumps, also referred to as shaving bumps, are little red bumps that occur on the skin after shaving, as hair grows back into the skin. When the hair grows back into the skin or into the hair follicle, it is known as an ingrown hair. Razor bumps are reaction of the skin to these ingrown hairs. Razor bumps most often affect African-American men or men with tight, curly beard hair, but can also affect women who shave or pluck the hair on their legs, eyebrows or other areas. They can cause irritation of the skin and can lead to pimples or even scarring. ...

Routine Foot Care

Routine foot care is especially important for patients, such as the elderly and diabetics, who have difficulty taking care of their feet or who need to pay very close attention to them for medical reasons. Foot problems can affect nearby bones, joints, muscles and skin, all of which are highly susceptible to damage. In some cases, foot problems can even affect other parts of the body. ...

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

A sexually transmitted disease (STD) is a disease or infection that is spread from one person to another through sexual contact. Most STDs are caused by bacteria, parasites or viruses that are transmitted through contact with the genitals, skin, mouth, rectum or bodily fluids. Sexually transmitted diseases can cause problems ranging from mild irritation to severe pain. Left untreated, some STDs can cause illness, cancer and infertility, or harm to a fetus. ...

Shingles

Shingles is a disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus, the herpes virus responsible for chickenpox. Once an individual has been infected with chickenpox, this virus lies dormant within the body's nerve tissue. Years later, the virus may reactivate as shingles, often after another illness or during a period of great stress. Advancing age and immune deficiency disorders are also risk factors for shingles. Shingles most commonly presents as a painful rash of fluid-filled blisters wrapping around the back and chest, typically affecting only one side of the body. It is possible, however, for patients to have shingles with only a very mild rash or even no rash at all. Early treatment for shingles may minimize symptoms and prevent complications.

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Sinus Tumors

Sinus tumors may develop in any of the four sinus cavities as a result of abnormal cell growth. While the specific cause of sinus tumors is unknown, such tumors tend to develop in patients with chronic sinusitis or those who have been exposed to certain irritants in the home or at the workplace. ...

Sinusitis

Sinusitis (sinus infection) is a common medical condition that occurs when the sinus cavities in the upper skull become inflamed and do not drain properly. When the sinuses accumulate fluid and mucus due to an allergy or upper respiratory illness, their passages become obstructed. Without proper drainage, the impacted material becomes a fertile area for viruses, bacteria, or occasionally fungi to grow and create infection. Sinus inflammation causes pain and thickened mucus within the nasal cavity and may be chronic or acute. ...

Skin Tags

A skin tag (acrochordon) is a small, soft piece of flesh-colored or dark tissue that is attached to the surface of the skin by a connecting "stalk." Most skin tags develop over time, although some people are born with them. Skin tags typically affect people who are overweight, have diabetes, or are older than 40. ...

Sleep Apnea

Sleep apnea is a common sleep disorder that involves repeated breathing interruptions during sleep. These interruptions may occur hundred of times each night, and may be the result of structural abnormalities or brain malfunctions. During normal breathing, air passes through the nose, past the flexible structures in the back of the throat, including the soft palate, uvula and tongue. When a person is awake, the muscles hold this airway open. When they are asleep, these muscles relax and the airway usually stays open. Sleep apnea occurs when the upper airway and airflow are blocked, causing the oxygen levels to drop in both in the brain and the blood, resulting in shallow breathing or breathing pauses during sleep. ...

Smoking Cessation

Smoking cigarettes is harmful to almost every organ in the body. It is the main cause of lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It is often the cause of coronary heart disease, stroke and many other diseases. Every year, millions of deaths worldwide can be attributed to tobacco use. With each cigarette, the risk of developing heart disease or lung cancer increases. Nicotine is the ingredient in cigarettes that causes addiction. Smoking is physically addictive and can also become socially addictive, as many people link smoking with social activities, making it a difficult addiction to overcome. ...

Snoring

Snoring is the sound created by vibrations of the soft palate when breathing is partially obstructed during sleep. Snoring is often a sign that the airway is partially blocked, usually by soft tissue in the throat. The flow of air causes the soft tissue to vibrate, which generates noise from the mouth or nose. While snoring is a common and usually harmless condition, it may sometimes indicate a serious health problem. Loud and habitual snoring can disrupt sleep and be irritating to sleep partners, resulting in relationship tensions. Snoring is more common in men than women and occurs more often in older people and those who are overweight. ...

Strep Throat

Strep throat is a bacterial infection of the throat caused by the group A Streptococcus bacteria. This condition is highly contagious and may be spread easily from person to person, especially among family members, in schools and in child care settings. Children between the ages of 5 and 15 years old are commonly affected, however, strep throat can affect people of all ages. Strep throat is commonly treated with antibiotics, but left untreated it may lead to serious complications such as kidney inflammation or rheumatic fever.

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Stroke

A stroke occurs when there is a reduction in the flow of blood to the brain. The lack of blood supply may be the result of a blockage in an artery or a burst blood vessel in the brain. A stroke deprives brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients, causing brain cells to die. A stroke is a medical emergency and requires immediate attention by a medical professional. Prompt treatment can minimize damage to the brain and prevent further complications. ...

Fraxel® Laser Treatment FAQs

Fraxel® laser systems use fractional-resurfacing technology, in which only a fraction of an area of skin receives laser light, to significantly improve skin texture and remove pigmentation. The energy from Fraxel laser systems stimulates skin's collagen, and rejuvenates skin cells below the skin's surface, helping to smooth out the creases that cause wrinkling and scarring. ...

Sunscreen

Sun damage can affect any area of the skin as a result of long-term exposure to the ultraviolet (UV) rays of the sun. Sun damage most commonly occurs on the face, hands and arms, and may lead to sun spots, age spots, rough skin and wrinkles. Years of sun exposure can also lead to premature aging and skin cancer. Because of the damaging effects of the sun, adequate protection is essential in maintaining the long-term health of the skin, especially in the summer months. ...

Dysphagia

Dysphagia, also known as a swallowing disorder, is not an uncommon condition. Because the swallowing process is vital to gastrointestinal health, and the throat functions as a pathway for respiration as well as ingestion, swallowing disorders are not only uncomfortable, but may be life-threatening. There are two types of dysphagia: esophageal and oropharyngeal. Esophageal dysphagia refers to the sensation of food getting stuck in the base of the throat or chest after swallowing. Oropharyngeal dysphagia is caused by weakened throat muscles that make it difficult to move food from the mouth into the throat and esophagus when swallowing. Older individuals are more commonly affected by oropharyngeal dysphagia because of weaker teeth and throat muscles. In addition, people with neurological problems or nervous system disorders may also experience oropharyngeal dysphagia. Individuals who suffer from acid reflux or esophageal problems are more likely to suffer from esophageal dysphagia. ...

Taste and Smell Disorders

Taste and smell disorders are closely related, common conditions that affect the chemosensation system and may develop as a result of genetic factors, injury, upper respiratory infections or exposure to certain chemicals. Taste and smell disorders are common conditions that affect many people each year. ...

Tendonitis

Tendonitis is an inflammation of one of the tendons, the soft flexible cords of tissue that connect muscle to bone. Such inflammations can occur as a result of overuse or traumatic injury. Tendonitis can occur anywhere in the body, but most often occurs in joints such as the shoulder, knee, wrist, ankle and elbow. ...

Throat Cancer

Cancers that develop in the throat (the pharynx), the voice box (the larynx) and the tonsils are types of throat cancer. Any cancerous tumors that form in or around those areas, including in the sinuses and mouth, are put in the general category of head and neck cancers. Accounting for approximately 3 percent of cancers in the United States, head and neck cancers develop almost twice as often in men as they do in women. The cause of throat cancer is unknown, but risk factors have been identified. Certain lifestyle changes, such as avoiding alcohol and tobacco, reduce a person's risk of developing the disease. ...

Travel Medicine

Now that worldwide travel has become so common, for business, pleasure and educational purposes, travel medicine is an expanding field. In order to accommodate individuals or groups planning to travel to exotic locations, many services, including immunizations and prescribed medications, are available to prevent or treat diseases that may be prevalent abroad, or even, in some cases, in particular regions of the United States. The risk to travelers is increased if they are visiting a destination where they will come into contact with pathogens they have never before encountered. ...

Vascular Pain

Vascular pain is a serious medical condition affecting millions of people in the United States each year. Such pain may be chronic, acute or sub-acute and may range in severity from mild to debilitating. The cause of the pain is not always clear, although it may often result from vascular abnormalities in which blood vessels do not function properly and blood flow is impeded. When this happens, tissues, organs or nerves in the area may be adversely affected. When vascular pain occurs in the legs, it is called claudication. ...

Venous Skin Ulcers

Venous skin ulcers develop on the lower leg, most often between the ankle and calf, as a complication of long-term untreated venous insufficiency. Venous insufficiency is a condition in which blood flow in the veins is impeded by damaged valves. The weakened valves permit a back flow of blood, or venous reflux. ...

Vertigo

Vertigo is the sensation of spinning or dizziness, often accompanied by nausea and vomiting, that occurs as a result of problems within the brain or the inner ear. People with vertigo feel as if their surroundings are moving although no movement is actually occurring. Vertigo is one of the most common health problems in the United States; it affects many adults during their lifetimes. ...

Vitamin B12 Injections

Vitamin B12 is an important component of a healthy diet, contributing to the functioning of the brain, nerves and blood cells. While everyone requires this vitamin for healthy functioning, pregnant women and nursing mothers require somewhat more than average. Vitamin B12 is found naturally in many foods, including fish, seafood, liver, beef and dairy products and is added as a supplement to foods like cereals, to help ensure proper nutrition. ...

Vitamin D

Vitamin D is an important nutrient that aids in overall health by keeping bones strong and healthy. The body requires vitamin D to absorb calcium and phosphorous, which are crucial in building and maintaining strong bones and teeth. Although some studies seem to indicate that adequate levels of vitamin D can strengthen the immune system and protect against various health conditions, including diabetes, kidney disease, heart disease and high blood pressure, there is no definitive data to support that conclusion. ...

Vitamins for Healthy Eyes

Eye vitamins can help maintain eye health and protect our eyes against several different diseases, including those that most frequently affect aging eyes, including macular degeneration.

Experts disagree on which nutrients can prevent eye disease or reduce vision loss. Studies have been conducted to help us learn more about the relationship between vitamins, minerals, antioxidants and eye health. The general consensus is that the same things that are good for your body are good for your eyes: a healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables and whole grains, drinking at least six glasses of water a day, regular exercise, and avoidance of cigarette smoke. ...

Warts

Warts are a common skin condition resulting from infection by one or another strain of human papillomavirus (HPV). There are several types of warts that can affect individuals of any age, but some types are more commonly found in children and some more often found in adults. Many types of warts, especially those usually found on children, disappear on their own. When troublesome, warts can be treated with medications or otherwise removed. ...

Wheezing

Wheezing is a high-pitched, whistling sound that is made while breathing, and is often a symptom of a chronic respiratory condition. Wheezing is commonly caused by a narrowing of the airways that restricts the movement of air when breathing. This narrowing of the airways may be the result of an inflammation caused by asthma, a viral or bacterial infection, or an allergic reaction. It may also be caused by an obstruction of the airway caused by a tumor or an object that may have been inhaled. ...

Apligraf® Dermal Substitute

Apligraf® dermal (skin) substitute, which is created from cells found in healthy human skin, is used to treat difficult-to-heal wounds, such as diabetic foot ulcers and those caused by circulatory problems, that have not responded to traditional therapy after 3 to 4 weeks. Unlike wound treatments that use creams and traditional dressings, Apligraf dermal substitute stimulates the skin to repair and heal itself, which it does by delivering living cells, cell-produced proteins and collagen, all of which are necessary for healing to take place, to the wound. According to its manufacturer, Organogenesis, Apligraf dermal substitute is "the only product with FDA approval for healing both venous leg ulcers and diabetic foot ulcers." ...